Relación de problemas disciplinarios y de rendimiento académico con el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en escolares colombianos / Disciplinary and Academic Issues Related with Psychoactive Substances Consumption, in Colombian Scholars / Relação entre problemas disciplinares e desempenho académico e o uso de substâncias psicoativas em crianças colombianas em idade escolar

Introducción: El consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en jóvenes colombianos es considerado un problema de salud pública, debido a su prevalencia ascendente. Los estudios al respecto han indicado la existencia de una asociación con patrones conductuales que llevan a la alteración del rendimiento académico y el surgimiento de problemas disciplinarios. Objetivos: Identificar la asociación entre el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y la presencia de problemas disciplinarios y de rendimiento académico en adolescentes colombianos. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal analítico. Se incluyeron 80.018 adolescentes escolares. Se indagó sobre la presencia de problemas disciplinarios y de rendimiento académico, así como consumo de sustancias psicoactivas durante los últimos 12 meses. Se describieron las frecuencias de los problemas académicos o disciplinarios con el consumo de cada una de las sustancias psicoactivas. Se estimaron asociaciones por medio de modelos de regresión logística binaria, y todos los análisis fueron ajustados por el factor de expansión. Resultados: Se registró que el 44% de los adolescentes reportaron problemas académicos, y el 20%, problemas disciplinarios. Entre las sustancias con mayor fuerza de asociación, frente a problemas disciplinarios, se mencionaron: cocaína (OR=3,18; IC95%=2,75- 3,69); marihuana (OR=2,93; IC95%=2,68-3,20); inhalables (OR=2,80; IC95%=2,40-3,28). Frente a problemas académicos, mostraron asociación la marihuana (OR=2,39; IC95%=2,18-2,61), el dick (OR=2,24; IC95%=1,88- 2,66) y los inhalables (OR=2,11; IC95%=1,80-2,48). Conclusiones: El consumo de sustancias psicoactivas estuvo relacionado con la presencia de problemas académicos y disciplinarios.

Introduction: The consumption of psychoactive substances in Colombian youth is considered a public health problem, due to its prevalence and rising characteristics. Studies of the prevalence of drug use in this population indicate the presence of an association with behavioral patterns that lead to an alteration in academic performance and disciplinary problems. Objective: To identify the association between the consumption of psychoactive substances and the presence of academic or disciplinary problems in Colombian adolescents. Materials and methods: This is an analytical cross-sectional study. 80,018 adolescents enrolled in school were included. It was investigated whether the adolescent had academic or disciplinary per- formance problems, as well as consumption of psychoactive substances during the last 12 months. A description was made of the frequencies of academic or disciplinary problems with the consumption of each of these psychoactive substances. Associations were estimated using binary logistic regression models, and all analyzes were adjusted for the expansion factor. Results: There was a prevalence of 44% for academic problems and 20% for disciplinary problems. Among the substances with the greatest strength of association with disciplinary problems was cocaine (OR=3,18; IC95%=2.75-3.69), marihuana (OR=2,93; IC95%=2.68-3.20) and inhalants (OR=2,80; IC95%=2,40-3.28) and related to academic problems was marijuana (OR=2,39; IC95=2,18-2.61). dick (OR=2,24; IC95%=1.88-2.66) e inhalants (OR=2,11; IC95%=1,80-2.48). Conclusions: The use of psychoactive substances is related to the presence of academic and disciplinary problems.

Introdução: O uso de substâncias psicoativas em jovens colombianos é considerado um problema de saúde pública, devido à sua crescente prevalência. Estudos indicaram a existência de uma associação com padrões de comportamento que levam à alteração do desempenho académico e ao surgimento de problemas disciplinares. Objetivos: Identificar a associação entre o consumo de substâncias psicoativas e a presença de problemas disciplinares e de desempenho académico em adolescentes colombianos. Materiais e métodos: Estudo analítico de corte transversal. Foi incluído um total de 80.018 adolescentes em idade escolar. Inquirimos sobre a presença de problemas disciplinares e de desempenho académico, bem como o consumo de substâncias psicoativas durante os últimos 12 meses. Foram descritas as frequências dos problemas académicos ou disciplinares com a utilização de cada uma das substâncias psicoativas. As associações foram estimadas utilizando modelos de regressão logística binária, e todas as análises foram ajustadas para o fator de expansão. Resultados: 44% dos adolescentes relataram problemas académicos e 20% relataram problemas dis ciplinares. Entre as substâncias com maior associação a problemas disciplinares estavam: cocaína (OR= 3,18; IC95% = 2,75-3,69); canábis (OR = 2,93; IC95% = 2,68-3,20); inalantes (OR = 2,80; IC95%CI= 2,40-3,28). Para problemas académicos, o canábis (OR = 2,39, IC95% = 2,18-2,61), o Dick (OR =2,24, IC95% = 1,88-2,66) e inalantes (OR = 2,11, IC95% = 1,80-2,48) foram associados. Conclusões: O uso de substâncias psicoativas estava relacionado com a presença de problemas académicos e disciplinares.

Metástasis pulmonar y pleural en cáncer de pene, una patología infrecuente / Pulmonary and pleural metastasis in penile cancer, an uncommon pathology

Resumen Introducción: El carcinoma de pene es un tumor infrecuente en nuestro medio con menos del 1% de muertes en el hombre. Se define como el proceso proliferativo y desordenado de las células epiteliales escamosas del pene. Objetivo: Presentar el caso de un paciente que presentó cáncer de pene con metástasis a pulmón. Caso clínico: Paciente de 85 años ingreso por cuadro clínico de 24 horas de evolución consistente en hematuria asociado a tos no productiva, lumbalgia, astenia y adinamia. Tenían antecedentes de carcinoma escamosos de pene, fumador pesado hasta hace dos años, exposición crónica a humo de leña. Al examen físico con regular estado general, ruidos respiratorios sugestivos de hipoventilación izquierda, ausencia de pene por antecedentes y sonda vesical salida de orina hematúrica, ganglios en región inguinal, edema en miembros inferiores con formación de flictenas en cara dorsal de los pies. Los estudios imagenológicos confirmaron la presencia de masa a región pulmonar junto con fracturas patológicas a nivel torácico, por lo que se dio manejo paliativo con egreso hospitalario. Conclusiones: El cáncer de pene es una patología de baja prevalencia a nivel mundial. Aproximadamente el 95% de estos canceres son carcinomas de células escamosas que fácilmente pueden diseminarse localmente a través de canales linfáticos o vasculares, a pesar de ello, la probabilidad de enfermedad metastásica es rara, y afecta principalmente a órganos como el hígado, los huesos y al cerebro, sin embargo, se han reportado pocos casos de metástasis a columna dorsal, corazón, retroperitoneo, tejido mamario masculino, pulmón y metástasis cutáneas.

Abstract Introduction: Carcinoma of the penis is a rare tumor in our environment, constituting less than 1% of deaths in men and it is defined as the proliferative disordered process of squamous epithelial cells of the penis. Objective: The objective of the following manuscript is to present the case of a patient who developed cancer of the penis with metastasis to the lung. Clinical case: An 85-year-old patient was admitted due to a 24-hour clinical picture consisting of hematuria associated with non-productive cough, low back pain, asthenia and adynamia. He had a history of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis, he was identified as a heavy smoker until two years ago and presented chronic exposure to wood smoke. On the physical examination, the patient evidenced a regular general state, respiratory sounds that suggested left hypoventilation, absence of penis due to his clinical history and outflow of hematuric urine through bladder catheter, ganglia in the inguinal region, edema in the lower limbs with formation of flictenas on the dorsal zone of the feet. Imaging studies confirmed the presence of mass in a pulmonary region together with pathological fractures at the thoracic level, thus, palliative care was provided, and the patient was discharged from the hospital. Conclusions: Penile cancer is a low prevalence worldwide pathology. Approximately 95% of these cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, which can easily spread locally through lymphatic or vascular channels; nonetheless, its metastatic disease development is rare and mainly affects organs such as the liver, bone, and brain. However, few cases of metastasis to the dorsal spine, heart, retroperitoneum, breast tissue, lung, and skin have been reported.